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KMID : 1140120090140020093
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Cancer Prevention Research
2009 Volume.14 No. 2 p.93 ~ p.98
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Overview on the Mechanism of Molecular Toxicity and Cellular Defense System Induced by Cadmium Exposure
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Lee Sang-Min
Seo Young-Rok
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Abstract
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Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal, which affects human health through occupational and environmental exposure. At the cellular level, cadmium influences gene regulation, generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of DNA repair activities. It increases expression of proto-oncogenes including c-fos, c-jun and c-myc, which could induce carcinogenesis. It also induces expression of metallothionein encoding gene. The binding of metallothionein proteins and cadmium ion might helps to occur cancer. Again, cadmium generates free radical involving hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, nitric oxide hydrogen peroxides. These free radicals damage DNA and decrease DNA repair protein activity. DNA repair plays important roles in genetic stability in cells. However, exposure to cadmium significantly impairs formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) which recognizes and eliminates a broad range of oxidized purines from correspondingly damaged DNA. One of the factors which protects cell is antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxide. Several studies have been reported that cadmium can change expression level of antioxidants in dose dependents manners. Hence, cadmium exposure might break the balance between antioxidants and ROS in high dose which may lead to cell death. The present review would focus on the effects of cadmium with special emphasis on gene regulation, generation of ROS, and inhibition of DNA repair. In this study, we would also discuss the cell protection mechanism involved with DNA repair and antioxidant.
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KEYWORD
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Cadmium, Antioxidant, DNA repair, Reactive oxygen species
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